The New Jim Crow Read online

  Racial Formation in the United States (Omi and Winant)

  Racial Justice Project of the ACLU

  racial profiling: and ghetto communities; litigation challenging; and minority police officers; and police decision making; studies of; and Title VI of 1964 Civil Rights Act; traffic stops/ pedestrian stops

  radical philosophy of race relations (Reconstruction era)

  rap music and hip-hop culture

  Reagan, Ronald/Reagan administration; and conservative revolution in the Republican Party; and crack cocaine; financial incentives to law enforcement; legislation and drug policy; and military policing; racialized campaign rhetoric on crime and welfare; and War on Drugs

  reality television shows, black-themed

  Reconstruction Era; convict leasing and forced labor; federal civil rights legislation; philosophies of race relations; Populist movement; and racial segregation; Southern “Redemption” campaign; voting rights

  Rector, Ricky Ray

  “Redemption” campaign

  redistricting and prison populations

  Reeves, Jimmie

  Reform Act (2000)

  Reinarman, Craig

  Republican Party

  Rice, Condoleezza

  Robert Taylor Homes (Chicago)

  Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson

  Roosevelt, Franklin D.

  Rucker, Perlie

  Rucker v. Davis

  Ruffin v. Commonwealth (Virginia)

  Runoalds, Clifford

  Russell, Kathryn

  San Francisco Ban the Box campaigns

  San Jose Mercury News

  Schmidt, Benno

  Schneckloth v. Bustamonte

  Schwarzer, William W.

  Scott, Donald

  search and seizure

  Seattle Police Department

  segregation, racial; and ghetto communities; and prisons; Reconstruction Era; and re-entry of ex-felons; residential segregation

  sentencing: and crack cocaine; and juveniles; and mandatory minimums; and plea bargaining; reform efforts; Supreme Court rulings and racially discriminatory sentencing

  Sentencing Project

  Sharpton, Al

  Shelby, Tommie

  “shooter bias,”

  Sider, Gerald

  Siegel, Reva

  slavery; birth of; and disenfranchisement of black voters; and history of race discrimination in jury selection; and notion of white supremacy; and plantation labor; and poor whites; postemancipation period; and role of racial hostility/racial indifference; and symbolic production of race; and U.S. Constitution

  Slavery by Another Name (Blackmon)

  Smith, Mary Louise

  Smith v. Allwright (1944)

  Souter, Justice David H.

  Southern Center for Human Rights

  “Southern Manifesto,”

  Southern Strategy

  Spruill, Alberta

  States of Denial (Cohen)

  Steinberg, Stephen

  Stevens, Justice John Paul

  Stewart, Emma Faye

  stigma of criminality; and black youth; coping strategies and lying; and families of prisoners /ex-felons; and “gangsta culture,”; self-hate in the black community; shame and silence; and symbolic production of race

  The Strange Career of Jim Crow (Woodward)

  Stratford High School (Goose Creek, South Carolina)

  structural racism

  Stutman, Robert

  Supreme Court rulings: crack cases and discriminatory sentencing; and “drug-courier profiles,”; drug-law enforcement and claims of racial bias; and end of Jim Crow system; Fourth Amendment decisions; jury selection; and majoritarian political process; and mandatory sentencing laws; police searches and seizures; police traffic stops; police use of lethal chokeholds; and post-arrest legal representation; and prosecutorial discretion in drug-law enforcement; and public housing; race as factor in police decision making; and racial profiling; and racially discriminatory sentencing. See also names of individual cases

  Swain v. Alabama

  Swank, Eric

  SWAT (Special Weapons and Tactics) teams

  Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)

  Terry v. Ohio

  Thinking About Crime (Tonry)

  Thirteenth Amendment

  Thomas, James

  “three strikes” laws

  Time magazine

  Title VI of the Civil Rights Act (1964)

  Tonry, Michael

  Torres, Gerald

  traffic stops; and broad discretion for police; consent searches; drug forfeiture laws and seizures; and “drug-courier profiles,”; and Fourth Amendment; and police training programs; pretext stops

  Travis, Jeremy

  Tulia drug sting operation (1999)

  unemployment

  United Nations Human Rights Committee

  United States v. Brignoni-Ponce

  United States v. Reese

  Urban League report “The State of Black America” (1990)

  U.S. Sentencing Commission

  USA Today

  Vera Institute

  Village Voice

  voting rights: disenfranchisement of ex-felons; and Fifteenth Amendment; Jim Crow era disenfranchisement; Reconstruction Era; restoration processes for ex-felons

  Voting Rights Act (1965)

  Wacquant, Loïc

  Walker, Herman

  Wallace, George

  War on Drugs; George H.W. Bush administration; Clinton administration; conspiracy theories; and crack cocaine; early resistance within law enforcement; federal agencies’ antidrug funding; financial incentives to law enforcement; and genocide; and inner-city economic collapse; internalization of; media campaigns; myths of; Reagan administration. See also War on Drugs and the criminal justice system

  War on Drugs and the criminal justice system; arguments that race has always influenced the criminal justice system; and court system; and drug forfeiture laws; “drug-courier profiles,”; financial incentives; and Fourth Amendment; guilty pleas/ plea bargaining; legal services /legal representation; mandatory minimum sentencing; paramilitary raids and police SWAT teams; pretext stops; and racial discrimination; traffic stops. See also mass incarceration system; police/police departments and drug-law enforcement; post-prison release (ex-offenders)

  War on Poverty

  Washington, Booker T.

  Washington Post

  Watson, Tom

  We Won’t Go Back (Matsuda and Lawrence)

  Weaver, Vesla

  Weaver, Warren

  Weinstein, Jack

  “welfare queens,”

  welfare reform legislation

  Western, Bruce

  Western Area Narcotics Task Force (WANT)

  When Work Disappears (Wilson)

  “Where Have the Black Men Gone?” (2006 Ebony article)

  White Citizens’ Councils

  “white crime,”

  White House Office of National Drug Control

  whites: and colorblindness; drug arrests/imprisonment; and drug-law enforcement; and drunk driving awareness campaigns; end of Jim Crow and Southern whites’ backlash; ex-offenders; illegal drug use; poor and working-class; and racial privilege; and racial profiling in police traffic stops; shift in racial attitudes/support for antidiscrimination principles; victims of racial caste system; “white crime,”; youth drug crimes/ illegal drug use

  Whren, Michael

  Whren v. United States

  Why We Can’t Wait: Reversing the Retreat on Civil Rights (October 2007 conference)

  Wideman, John Edgar

  Williams, John Bell

  Wilson, William Julius

  Winant, Howard

  Winfrey, Oprah

  Wolff, Paula

  Womack, Willa

  women, African American: conflicted views about crime; and gender gap; and service-sector employment

  Woodward, C. Vann

  World War II

  Yick Wo v. Hopkins

/>   Young, Iris Marion

  © 2010 by Michelle Alexander

  All rights reserved.

  No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form, without written permission from the publisher.

  Request for permission to reproduce selections from this book should be mailed to: Permissions Department, The New Press, 38 Greene Street, New York, NY 10013.

  Published in the United States by The New Press, New York, 2010 Distributed by Perseus Distribution

  LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

  Alexander, Michelle.

  The new Jim Crow : mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness / Michelle Alexander. p. cm.

  Includes bibliographical references and index.

  eISBN : 978-1-595-58530-1

  1. Criminal justice, Administration of—

  United States. 2. African American prisoners—United States. 3. Race discrimination—

  United States. 4. United States—Race relations. I. Title.

  HV9950.A437 2010

  364.973—dc22 2009022519

  The New Press was established in 1990 as a not-for-profit alternative to the large, commerical publishing houses currently dominating the book publishing industry. The New Press operates in the public interest rather than for private gain, and is committed to publishing, in innovative ways, works of educational, cultural, and community value that are often deemed insufficiently profitable.

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