The New Jim Crow Read online

  Cole, David

  Coley, Rebekah Levine

  colorblindness; and affirmative action; and black exceptionalism; and “interracial racial caste system,”; and mass incarceration; problem of flawed pursuit of; Reagan’s racialized campaign rhetoric; resisting temptation to ignore race in advocacy; and U.S. Constitution; and whites’ reluctance to acknowledge race

  Colvin, Claudette

  Common (rap artist)

  Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program

  Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevent and Control Act (1970)

  Congressional Black Caucus (CBC)

  consent searches and traffic stops

  conservative philosophy of race relations (Reconstruction era)

  conspiracy theories and War on Drugs

  Constitution, U.S.. See also individual amendments

  Corrections Corporation of America

  Cosby, Bill

  Cotton, Jarvious

  crack cocaine; conspiracy theories; and drunk driving campaigns; hundred-to-one ratio; media campaign; and outdoor drug activity/open-air drug markets; and prosecutors’ extraordinary discretion; and racially discriminatory sentencing; and Reagan’s drug war

  crime and “get tough” policies; black support for; and Clinton administration; and mass incarceration system; and white voters

  crime rates; crime reduction and incarceration rates; drug crime; and joblessness; violent crime

  “criminalblackman,”

  Criminology (journal)

  Davis, Angela J.

  death penalty: Baldus study findings; and drug-related offenses; and legal advocacy; and Obama; racial bias in sentencing

  Declaration of Independence

  deindustrialization

  Democratic Party

  denial, collective; “birdcage” metaphor and structural racism; by civil rights advocates; and mass incarceration of black men

  Denton, Nancy

  Diallo, Amadou

  disenfranchisement. See voting rights

  dogs, drug-sniffing

  Doing Time on the Outside (Braman)

  Douglas, Justice William O.

  Douglass, Frederick

  Drake, Clinton

  Dred Scott v. Sanford

  driver’s licenses

  Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA); antidrug spending; cash grants/federal aid to law enforcement; “drug-courier profiles,”; Operation Pipeline

  drug forfeiture laws; creation of an “innocent owner,”; and police shakedowns and seizures; and Reform Act (2000)

  Drug Reform Act (1986)

  drug treatment, mandated

  drug use, arrests, and conviction rates: cities and demographic differences; prison admissions for drug offenses; and rates of illegal drug use; and whites; and youths

  “drug-courier profiles,”

  drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; cognitive bias research; consent searches and traffic stops; crack cases; and drug forfeiture laws; “drug-courier profiles,”; financial incentives to law enforcement; and Fourth Amendment; and ghettos; and jury selection; outdoor drug activity/open-air drug markets; paramilitary drug raids and police SWAT teams; police training programs; and police/police departments; pretext traffic stops; and prosecutorial discretion; race as factor in police decision making; racial profiling by police; racially discriminatory sentencing; searches and seizures with unreasonable suspicion; sociological research on; Supreme Court and claims of racial bias; traffic stops; and the War on Drugs

  drunk driving, campaigns addressing

  Du Bois, W.E.B.

  Dukakis, Michael

  Dyson, Michael Eric

  Ebony magazine

  Economic Opportunities Bill (1964)

  Edsall, Mary

  Edsall, Thomas

  education and racial caste system

  Eighteenth Amendment

  Eighth Amendment

  Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals

  Eleventh Amendment

  Emancipation Proclamation

  Emanuel, Rahm

  The Emerging Republican Majority (Phillips)

  employment: and ex-criminal offenders; joblessness and violent crime rates; manufacturing jobs and deindustrialization; the “negative credential” and system of state-sponsored stratification; service-sector jobs; unemployment/joblessness

  Erlichman, John

  Erwin, Sam, Jr.

  Farrakhan, Louis

  fathers, black

  Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), antidrug funding

  Federalism

  Fields, C. Virginia

  Fifteenth Amendment

  The Fire Next Time (Baldwin)

  Flavor of Love (VH1)

  Florida v. Bostick

  Forman, James, Jr.

  Fourteenth Amendment; and crack sentencing; and death penalty sentencing; and jury exclusion; and police traffic stops; and racially discriminatory law enforcement

  Fourth Amendment

  Freedmen’s Bureau

  Frye, Marilyn

  Futterman, Craig

  gang databases

  “gangsta culture,”

  gender gap (black men and women)

  genocide and War on Drugs

  Gideon v. Wainwright

  globalization

  Goldwater, Barry

  Goodwill Industries

  Great Depression

  Guinier, Lani

  Haldeman, H.R.

  Harlem riots (1964)

  Harmelin v. Michigan

  Harwood, Richard

  Hill, Barbara

  Hininger, Damon

  Hispanics/Latinos: prison admissions for drug offenses; rates of illegal drug use

  homelessness

  Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

  housing discrimination

  human rights approach

  Human Rights Watch

  Hurley, Ora Lee

  In re Gault (1967)

  incarceration. See mass incarceration system

  indentured servitude

  indifference, racial

  inner-city economic collapse

  Irving, Lawrence

  Jackson, Jesse

  Jefferson, Thomas

  “Jena 6,”

  Jim Crow system: birth of; black cooperation with; and Civil Rights Movement; death of; and Supreme Court; voting rights and disenfranchisement; and World War II, 36. See also mass incarceration and Jim Crow (parallels/differences)

  Johnson, Lyndon B.

  Johnson, Sheri Lynn

  Johnson, Willie

  Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education

  juries: and felon exclusion; and peremptory strikes; and prosecutors’ discretion; and “stereotypically black” defendants; Supreme Court rulings governing jury selection

  Justice Department, U.S.; Bureau of Statistics; report in impact of bias in criminal justice system; and street crime

  Justice Policy Institute

  Karlan, Pamela

  Kennedy, Justice Anthony

  Kennedy, John F.

  Kerlikowske, Gil

  Kilty, Keith

  King, Martin Luther

  King, Martin Luther, Jr.; and affirmative action; call for complete restructuring of society; and civil rights lawyers/legal cases; on colorblindness and indifference; and human rights approach; and Poor People’s Movement; and Rosa Parks

  Klarman, Michael

  Kraska, Peter

  Ku Klux Klan

  Ku Klux Klan Acts

  Lambright, Nshombi

  Law & Order (television)

  law enforcement. See drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; police/police departments and drug-law enforcement

  Lawrence, Charles

  Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights of the San Francisco Bay Area

  Leadership Conference on Civil Rights

  Lee, William

  Levine, Harry

  liberal philosophy of race relations (Reconstruction era)

  Lincoln,
Abraham

  Lockyer v. Andrade

  Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD): databases for “gang-related” activity; and lethal chokeholds

  Los Angeles Times

  Loury, Glenn

  Lyons, Adolph

  Maclin, Tracey

  Madison, James

  Malcolm X

  mandatory minimum sentencing; and Anti-Drug Abuse Act; and plea bargaining; reform efforts; and Supreme Court

  March on Washington for Jobs and Economic Freedom (1963)

  marijuana: and deaths; decriminalization of; felony possession and arrests; and mandatory sentencing guidelines; use by Clinton/Obama; and voting rights; white middle class users; white/black student users

  Marshall, Prentiss

  Marshall, Stanley

  Marshall, Justice Thurgood

  mass incarceration and Jim Crow (parallels/ differences); and argument that race has always influenced the criminal justice system; black support for “get tough” policies on crime; collective denial; differences /limits of the analogy; exclusion from juries; historical parallels; legalized discrimination; and marginalization; and overt racial hostility; parallels; political disenfranchisement; racial segregation; stereotypes about black men/ fathers; Supreme Court’s pattern of responding to racial caste/claims of racial bias; the symbolic production of race; white victims

  mass incarceration system; and absence of black men/black fathers; arguments that race has always influenced the criminal justice system; collective denial of; and colorblindness; and crime reduction statistics; final stage (period of invisible punishment); first stage; incarceration rates; origins of; prison profiteers; private prisons; reform and dismantling of; second phase; size of; and stigma of criminality. See also post-prison release (ex-offenders); prisons; War on Drugs and the criminal justice system

  Massey, Douglas

  Matsuda, Mari

  Mauer, Marc

  McCaffrey, Barry

  McClesky, Warren

  McClesky v. Kemp

  McCormick Institute of Public Affairs

  McKnight, Gerald

  McLaurin v. Oklahoma (1950)

  McNair, Murray

  media coverage: crack cocaine stories; imagery of black drug users/drug criminals; and “Jena 6,”; and Obama’s campaign speech on fatherhood and personal responsibility; Reagan administration and War on Drugs

  Miami Herald

  Military Cooperation with Law Enforcement Act (1981)

  military policing and War on Drugs

  Miller, Jerome

  Miller El v. Cockrell

  The Miner’s Canary (Torres and Guinier)

  minstrel shows

  Montgomery Bus Boycott

  moratorium campaign (closing prisons)

  Morgan, Edmund

  Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)

  Moynihan, Daniel Patrick

  Munnerlynn, William

  Musto, David

  Myrdal, Gunnar

  NAACP: legal challenges to Jim Crow; Web site

  NAACP Legal Defense Fund

  National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, 1973 recommendations

  National Center for Institutions and Alternatives

  National Colored Convention ( 1853)

  National Household Survey on Drug Abuse

  National Institute on Drug Abuse

  National Journal

  National Legal Aid & Defender Association

  National Security Decision Directive (Reagan administration)

  Neal v. Delaware

  New Deal

  New York Police Department (NYPD)

  New York Times

  Newsweek

  Nicaragua

  Nietzsche, Friedrich

  Nilsen, Eva

  Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals

  Nixon, Richard

  Nunn, Dorsey

  Obama, Barack; and black exceptionalism; and Byrne grant program; campaign speech on fatherhood and personal responsibility; and crack sentencing; and death penalty; presidency and racial justice advocacy; and War on Drugs; on white guilt and history of racial discrimination

  O’Connor, Justice Sandra Day

  Ohio v. Robinette

  Omi, Michael

  “One Strike and You’re Out” legislation

  open-air drug markets

  Operation Pipeline

  Pager, Devah

  paramilitary drug raids

  Parchman, Farm

  Parks, Rosa

  parole violations

  “passing,”

  Pentagon military resources and War on Drugs

  Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996)

  PEW Charitable Trusts

  Phillips, Kevin

  Piven, Frances Fox

  plea bargaining

  Plessy v. Ferguson

  “pluralistic ignorance,”

  Poitier, Sidney

  police/police departments and drug-law enforcement; affirmative action and minority officers; consent searches; and drug forfeiture laws; and federal suits for damages; and financial incentives; and ghetto neighborhoods; lethal chokeholds; paramilitary drug raids and SWAT teams; police brutality; pretext stops; race as factor in decision making; racial profiling; searches and seizures and unreasonable suspicion; shakedowns and seizures; traffic stops; training programs. See also drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; War on Drugs and the criminal justice system

  Poor People’s Movement

  Populist movement

  Posse Comitatus Act

  post-arrest legal services

  postconviction fees; and preconviction service fees; and probation revocations

  post-prison release (ex-offenders); Chicago; and education; and “gangsta culture,”; ineligibility for federally funded public assistance; jury exclusion; postconviction fees; public housing discrimination; rearrest rates; re-entry programs; the shame and stigma of criminality; voting rights/felony disenfranchisement; work/employment

  Powell, Colin

  powell, john a.

  presidential elections: and disenfranchisement of ex-felons; and law and order rhetoric

  pretext stops

  prisons: admissions for drug offenses; closing; construction of; corporate and private profiteers; inmate work in; private; rearrest rates and parole and probation violations; and redistricting processes; and residential racial segregation; and violent crime (homicide) offenders

  probation violations

  prosecutorial discretion: crack cocaine cases; and drug-law enforcement; and jury selection; and racial bias

  public defender system

  public housing agencies/assistance

  Purkett v. Elm

  Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act (1998)

  racial caste system in the U.S.; black codes and vagrancy laws; and Civil Rights Movement; and collective denial; and colorblindness; competing schools of thought on race, poverty, and social order; convict leasing and forced labor; end of Jim Crow system; flawed public consensus at heart of; and “get tough on crime” policies; and language of racial caste; law and order rhetoric; new; and philosophies of race relations; and political parties; poor and working class whites; and Populist movement; postemancipation period; Reconstruction Era; and Republican Party; and slavery; Southern “Redemption” campaign; structural racism; systems of control/recurring periods of transition and uncertainty. See also drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; mass incarceration and Jim Crow (parallels/differences); mass incarceration system; post-prison release; War on Drugs